Democracy And The State Of Economic Development - 1708 Words

The remarkable progress for democracy is being witnessed for the past two decades. The number of democratic political systems has climbed from 44 to 107 since 1972. Over half of the 187 countries in the world today, 58 percent have adopted democratic government. To start with, when exactly did modern democracy emerge? Political scientist, Samuel Huntington argues today’s democracies emerged in a series of distinct waves of democratization between 1828 and 1991. Meanwhile, one of the most extensive and influential linkages between political systems and social environment is the statistically significant positive relationship flanked by democracy and the state of economic development in classic modernization theory. In other words, the more wealthy a country becomes, the greater the opportunities that its political regime will lead to democracy. This observation was first advanced in 1959 by Lipset, who generated a huge body of research data in the studies of comparative politics. Yet, controversy among the field roots not only from the use of different definitions, but also from variations in methodology to measure the extent of transitions. Therefore, it is necessary to define democracy in order to discuss the related phenomenon accurately. For the purposes of this paper, democracy refers to the extent that political power is evenly distributed in a society with the aim of supplying regular constitutional chances for changing the governing officials in aShow MoreRelatedBest Route for Economic Development for Poor Countries1724 Words   |  7 PagesWhether liberal democracy, illiberal democracy or authoritarian rule is the best route to economic development for low income countries Introduction Democracy and economic development are two concepts that were not related initially, however, with the rise of democracies and the subsequent economic development there is an established correlation between the two concepts. The question that this paper will seek to address is â€Å"which is the best regime for economic development†. In responding tothisRead MoreEssay about Democracy1421 Words   |  6 PagesLike a living organism, democracy must be born into a time where the parents, circumstances, are right to understand the potential of such a child, democracy, and the soil, society, may be described as the type of state that is ready to accept and nurture that child. Metaphors aside, democracy has been noted to provide a better opportunity for human development. Democracy is also commonly defined as a political system that is associated with free and fair elections. A democratic regime simply refersRead MoreEssay Analysis Of Democracy As A Universal Value By Amartya Sen15 13 Words   |  7 PagesIn his article, Democracy as a Universal Value, Amartya Sen asserts that democracy is a universal value. In order to develop his argument Sen needs to state his definition of democracy and define what he means by universal value. In the course of Sens argument he gives his view of the relationship between democracy and the economy. He then defends his view of democracy as a universal value against a main argument that deals with cultural differences between regions. Amartya Sen uses a maximumRead MoreAnalysis of Democracy as a Universal Value by Amartya Sen Essay example1470 Words   |  6 PagesIn his article, Democracy as a Universal Value, Amartya Sen asserts that democracy is a universal value. In order to develop his argument Sen needs to state his definition of democracy and define what he means by universal value. In the course of Sens argument he gives his view of the relationship between democracy and the economy. He then defends his view of democracy as a universal value against a main argument that deals with cultural differences between regions. Amartya Sen uses a maximumRead MoreDemocracy : The Causes Of Capitalism And Democracy1167 Words   |  5 PagesThe question of whether democracies create capitalism, or the other way around, I think is too simple and ignores the circumstances in which both are initially created. Historically, it was changes in the economic system and in structures of society, without appropriate simultaneous shifts in the government structure, that created enough tension within societies to warrant a complete reconstruction of governmental institutions. I tend to think that democracy does not have the potential to reallyRead MoreExplanation For Third Wave African Democracy After The Cold War1736 Words   |  7 Pages‘Third Wave’ African Democracy After the Cold War The end of the Cold War marked a turning point for democracy promotion in Africa. As if overnight, somewhere between nine and 18 African states claimed to be democracies (depending on which definition of democracy one accepts) in only a span of six years (Diamond 1997, 2). This seemed unusual because, prior to this period, it seemed as though authoritarian regimes were a permanent fixture in African states, and Western donor states were perfectly happyRead MoreThe Role Of Liberal Values At The International Level1617 Words   |  7 Pagespower and the example of its development could have considerable ideological influence upon other countries. China’s economic rising power has deflected international criticism of its records of democratization and human rights. Human rights issues have indeed been given less importance during high level official visits. Today, the U.S. president seldom directly demands the release of Chinese political and religious dissidents. Under such circumstance, the United States and China are competing directlyRead MoreEssay on The Raise of the West1226 Words   |  5 Pagespast two to three hundred years has coincided with the rise in the popularity of democratic governments in the west, such as the US and France. This can be seen as evidence showing that democracy stimulates economic growth since democratisation often precedes growth. Others may argue that the reverse is true and economic growth is the driving forces behind democratization in the west. For example, the French revolution was partly caused by the rise of the middle class â€Å"Bourgeoisie† in the 18th centuryRead More Struggles and Setbacks of Developing Democracies in Latin American Countries 1477 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstand why many Latin American countries such as Mexico, Argentina, Venezuela, and Bolivia have continued to remain oppressed throughout history and stand on a slippery slope towards democratic reform of their national governments. The impeded development of democracy in these countries is much derived from Spanish empirical forms, reigning from the colonial era in which Spanish conquistadores implemented the first forms of government in Latin America based off of the authoritative structure of power thatRead MoreModernization Theory Of India s Democracy1722 Words   |  7 Pagessupport their emergence of democracy. The idea that economic development will lead to democratization and democratic consolidation generally holds for most cases. More often than not, increasing economic development increases the probability that any given society will have democratic politics. Although this theory is widely spread it does not seem to account for all cases, such as India. Due to the large population of India, the defying factors against modernization theory are not easily overlooked

Is War Inevitable Free Essays

1 Is War Inevitable? The modern human mind has sought to present findings and evidence that would lead to some form of an indication or conclusion regarding the inevitability of war through the multifarious fields of science and technology; anthropology; political science; economics; psychology (both humanist and evolutionary); and cultural studies. The general perception for most people – gauged through academic surveys and Social Networking websites – is that the innate biological tuning, socio-cultural infrastructure, geo-political systems, economic scarcity, and the massive amounts of arsenal possessed by mankind will never allow humans to transcend the atrocities of brutality, violence and aggressive bloodshed. Unfortunately, those general perceptions are not unsubstantiated: latest scientific research in the field of genealogy has blamed the Y-Chromosome for man’s propensity to wage war. We will write a custom essay sample on Is War Inevitable? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Further anthropological studies have reiterated and reinforced the fear that clearly lays down the innateness of a tendency towards war, which, subsequently, implies that war is inevitable. However, that is not the complete picture. â€Å"Statistically, it is more common for humans to be cooperative and to attempt to get along than it is for them to be uncooperative and aggressive towards one another,† says anthropologist Robert Sussman from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. With a growing number of experts now arguing that the urge to wage war is not innate, and that humanity is already moving in a direction that could make war a thing of the past, this essay will, based on further research done in the above stated fields, argue against the inevitability of war based on the following grounds: biologically, new research combined with cross-cultural findings and a deeper insight into the evolutionary development of human beings will show how the â€Å"innateness† of war is a myth; socially, we will take a look at the development of a new society in the modern era that compels a change in social ideology that will inevitably lead to more peaceful times wherein war will not be inevitable. Anthropological and ethnic studies have shown that, long before the emergence of modern nation-states, human beings waged war in the tribal setting, basing these conclusions on archeological findings. Furthermore, observance of the behavior of our closest evolutiona ry cousins, the chimpanzees, has encouraged the perception that just the way chimpanzee troops tend to wage war on other chimpanzees – sometimes even beating them to death – similarly, we too are biologically programmed and naturally hardwired for aggression. In â€Å"Are Humans Hardwired to Behave Aggressively? Margie Wylie says that a new and upcoming field of genealogy suggests that the Y-Chromosome in human beings causes us to be, at least in part, â€Å"hardwired for aggression and troublesome behavior†. The question is posed to any logical mind: can we allow ourselves to conveniently use this as an excuse for war and crime? No. We can not. Yale’s â€Å"Human Relations Area Files† (Ember), a database of around 360 cultures around the world from the past and present, shows that nearly nine-tenths of these cultures have engaged in warfare. However, the frequency, intensity, and time spans of these wars varies vastly from one culture to the next . â€Å"There is variation in the frequency of warfare when you look around the world at any given time,† says Melvin Ember. â€Å"That suggests to me that we are not dealing with genes or a biological propensity. Even if we do consider the biological propensity and the arguments based on genetic findings, further studies with regards to these have painted a clearer picture that war is not, in fact, inevitable. Harvard anthropologist, Richard Wrangham, argues that humans have made evolutionary steps towards being less aggressive. In comparison to our ancestors, our brains are ten percent smaller than they used to be, following a trend similar to the Bonbonos: domesticated animals, bred for docility. Our ability to live in big cities without attacking each other all the time shows that we are learning to control our violent behavior, at least inside groups (Wylie, 2003). This coming from a propagator of the school of thought that believes in the innate tendency for war, it sh ows that in current times we can safely say that war is not inevitable. The â€Å"Us versus Them† syndrome that has plagued the human mind, thus naturally developing a propensity to wage war, is not quite as strong anymore. Bigger groups, with stronger and more complex bonds for internal cohesion have proven to be victors of war throughout history. They tend to become more inclusive, history is proof of that. The population explosion, increasingly obvious environmental challenges, and the threat of nuclear war leading to mutual annihilation are all modern world indicators of the inevitability of war, however, like our ancestors ten thousand years ago, we are being forced by the results of our own actions and successes to mutate into a new kind of society based on a new organizing principle. The implications of globalization, the internet, the new concept of universal human rights, the political incorrectness of ethnic humor, the growth of transnational economic institutions and regional political ones, new thinking about gender relations: it all is part of a massive change in the way people live and think. It is only inevitable now that a new progression based on competition between ideas; schools of thoughts and philosophies will take over and will not need to enter armed conflict. (Coon, 2000) To conclude, we can easily say that given the biological developments concerning evolution, combined with changes in the psychological arena and in socio-cultural norms, war is not inevitable. The inevitability of war, in fact, was overestimated even before, as findings in this essay prove. The future progression of humankind may be slow and difficult, as it has always been, for change is not something engineered in design and geared in direction. But the future holds that war is not inevitable. Works Cited Coon, C. (2000). Is War Inevitable. Retrieved from Progressive Humanism: A New Approach to the Humanist Philosophy : http://www. progressivehumanism. com/war. html Ember, C. a. (n. d. ). Human Relations Area Files. Retrieved from Yale University: http://www. yale. edu/hraf Wylie, M. (2003). Are Humans Hard-Wired to Behave Aggressively? Toronto Star (Canada) . How to cite Is War Inevitable?, Essay examples

Organ Transplants for Prisoners free essay sample

In the article â€Å"Wanted, Dead or Alive? Kidney Transplants in Inmates Awaiting Execution†, Jacob M. Appel argues that, despite the criminal justice system’s view that death-row inmates deserve to die, they should be given the same opportunity to extend their life as anyone else. â€Å"The United States Supreme Court has held since 1976 that prison inmates are entitled to the same medical treatment as the free public† (645). â€Å"When it comes to healthcare, ‘bad people’ are as equal as the rest of us† (646). When someone is sentenced to execution it is decided by the criminal justice system, not the medical community.The justice system views these peoples’ social worth as so low that they deserve to die for the crimes they have committed. â€Å"The state’s determination of social worth only finds that the condemned prisoner no longer deserves life—a far higher bar than a determination that he or she is no longer worthy of healthcare prior to death†(646). In the medical community, the goal is to save lives. Appel also points out that even though kidney transplants do increase survival rates over dialysis, just because someone doesn’t get a transplant, this does not necessarily mean that they will die.He says that kidney transplants tend to be more of a life-enhancing surgery, as opposed to a life-extending surgery. On the argument that to give a kidney to someone who will die soon anyway is a waste of a perfectly good organ; Appel says this objection is invalid. A small percentage of death row inmates are ever actually executed, seventy-five percent of death sentences are appealed and overturned and that one in fifteen death row inmates is acquitted. Because of these statistics, Appel says that to ignore these peoples’ requests for kidney transplant would be morally wrong. Robert M. Sade’s article â€Å"The Prisoner’s Dilemma: Should Convicted Felons Have the Same Access to Heart Transplantation as Ordinary Citizens? † argues that whether or not criminals should receive heart transplants depends on who you ask. He goes on to pose the question to four separate entities; the organ procurement and transplantation network (OPTN), physicians, transplant centers, and prison officials. The OPTN says that just because someone is in prison doesn’t mean they should not be considered for an organ transplant, the â€Å"screening for all otential recipients should be done at the candidacy stage and once listed, all candidates should be eligible for equitable allocation of organs† (648). On the basis of social worth, physicians shouldn’t discriminate by using social value as criteria for medical decisions. Sade says that psychosocial factors may be used as selection criteria, however, because they might shed light on whether or not adequate social support systems exist for the transplant recipient. The prison sentence is payment for the crime; the prisoner owes nothing more to society, certainly not his or her life† (647). The transplant center brings up the issue of money. When a non-prisoner has a transplant operation, they fund the surgery with the help of insurance and public health programs like Medicare and Medicaid. Prisoners have neither private nor public insurance aside from what the prison system has in their budget, so this begs the question, â€Å"should the prison pay for a heart transplant for a convicted criminal? † The answer is no.Most prison systems can only afford to provide general health care, but not the large amount of funds needed for a heart transplant. Sade says the bill for aftercare of a prisoner’s heart transplant done in California in 2002 was around a million dollars. The final decision is with the prison system. The prison system’s only obligation is to provide room and board and general healthcare at a reasonable cost. Without sufficient funds (and it is safe to say there are not) the prison system and officials have reason enough to deny prisoners heart transplants.These two articles both address the question of whether a prisoner should be considered eligible for organ transplant, but their arguments vary for many reasons, primarily the organ in question, the status of the prisoner in question, and whether a prisoner is eligible for transplant consideration at all. Appel’s article is about kidney transplants and prisoners on death row. Appel says inmates have the same right to kidney transplant eligibility as any other citizen, no matter their social rank. He says that just because someone has been sentenced to die doesn’t mean their quality of life should be lowered before they are executed.It appears that Appel did in-depth research for his argument. He cites outside sources and has data to back up his argument that it is more cost-effective to perform transplant surgery instead of using dialysis treatment. Appel uses a few different ethical theories in support of his argument. He is utilitarian in his concern for cost-effectiveness, deontological in his aim at addressing the importance of good intentions and not consequences, and he also shows a preference for natural law in that he intends to preserve life.He embraces the moral principle of non-maleficence, â€Å"above all, do no harm†. Committing the logical fallacy of appealing to probability, he raises the level of doubt. He reminds us that only a small fraction of inmates are actually executed. Appealing to money, he explains that kidney transplants are much less expensive than dialysis. Appealing to pity, he makes us ask, â€Å"What if the death row inmate isn’t guilty? What if the inmate is never executed? What if he or she is exonerated of their charge and must continue life without good health? Sade talks about heart transplants for prisoners in general, not specific to death row inmates. Sade says no one has legal entitlement to healthcare in our country. Many factors go into deciding who receives a heart transplant and the final say lies with the prison system, because they are the ones who pay for the treatment. Sade says the prison system just cannot afford to provide funds for expensive heart transplant surgeries and aftercare, but it appears as though he pulled the number out of thin air, citing only one instance of a heart transplant in California, providing an estimated amount.This is a utilitarian point of view, giving power to the authoritative figures and not to the person in need of help. It could be argued that some logical fallacies are committed, appealing to authority, as it is a claim that something is true just because an â€Å"expert† said so (his source is not cited), and appealing to money in his argument that the transplant surgery is too expensive. Compared to Appel’s well-researched article, Sade does not play fair, seeming to ad opt paternalistic tendencies, hoping to sway the reader, â€Å"because I said so†.I view this issue from a Rossian standpoint. I think that it should be a decision made using intuition. I don’t think it should make a difference what specific organ is to be transplanted. I think a case-by-case basis â€Å"rule† should be applied to all prospective transplant organs, no matter the level of difficulty or cost for surgery. I think that if a person is eligible for a transplant of any kind, it is only fair that they be placed on the recipient list, however, if they are in prison, we should look more closely. If the prisoner is on death row, their case should be rejected.All non-death row prisoners should be given a fair chance at receiving the transplant organ. The reason I am specifying the inmates on death row is because in my opinion, these are the worst offenders. I feel that if the criminal justice system has decided that their crimes are so severe that they are to be executed as punishment, perhaps we should not step in and squander an organ that might be used to save the life of a person who has not been condemned to die for having been found guilty of committing a horrible crime.I feel that most law-abiding citizens would be pretty upset if they found out that someone who is on death row has received an organ transplant and not paid a dime for it. The reality of the situation is that our prisons appear to be unable to finance such an undertaking. I feel that it would be wasteful and unfair to ask taxpayers to fund a life-enhancing surgery for someone who has been convicted of a crime for which they stand to be executed.

Olaudah Equiano Response Paper Essays - Olaudah Equiano,

Olaudah Equiano Response Paper Response To ?The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself? By Olaudah Equiano The autobiography of Olaudah Equiano, first published in 1789, is the first example of a slave narrative. Unlike most of the class, I took it upon myself to read the entire story of Equiano's Travels, abridged and edited by Paul Edwards. In that version, as in the version represented in The Norton Anthology American Literature Shorter Fifth Edition, the journey of Olaudah Equiano is expressed in his own words, from his own point of view. That makes this writing a truly unique piece of literature. It is not only the first slave narrative but also one of the only ones written pre-civil war by a former slave, and someone seized from Africa. These facts give the writing a unique feel, for it is the words of a man that was born a free man, raised to be a ruler of his tribe, kidnapped and made into a slave as a young child, and then journeying through life to become once again free as a mature adult. Equiano experienced almost all parts of a slave's existence. He was a slave throughout Afr ica, England, and the New World. By reading the entire record of Olaudah Equiano's travels I got a much more detailed view of his experiences. Thus to quote Equiano, ?I hope the reader will not think I have trespassed on his patience?,? if I briefly respond to the whole work of Olaudah's autobiography, rather than the brief snippet presented in the anthology. The chapters, which really impressed me the most, were the first chapter, My Early Life in Eboe, and Chapter 11, Return to Europe. These chapters had the greatest effect on me based upon the fact that in the first chapter Olaudah is free, but it is the freedom of a child who doesn't truly realize or appreciate the state in which he lives. Surrounded by the love and support of his family, and the knowledge that one day he will be a leader of his community. He lives in a world of respect and acceptance. This varies greatly from the situation in the 11th chapter Olaudah Equiano is once again free. However now he is a free adult living in a world filled with hatred and prejudice. Yet still he values his freedom. He now knows that it is better to live as a freeman in a world of hatred then as a slave in any world. His accounts of his life in these two chapters truly illustrate how his life was changed by his experiences as a slave. Olaudah Equiano's experiences, illustrated in his autobiography, show the life of a boy ripped from the life he was born to, brought into the world full of pain and humiliation called slavery, and then restored his freedom through his own intelligence and a little luck. He wrote a novel, which helped to show both the Europeans and the Americans the plight of slaves throughout the world. Plus he has gone down in history as the author of the first slave narrative. Thus I suppose in a way he achieved his destiny as a leader of his people, though instead of leading a single tribe he helped to lead thousands out from under the mantle of slavery. English Essays

Learn How to Write an Endnote Essay

Learn How to Write an Endnote EssayWhen writing your own Endnote Essay, there are two things that you need to do. You need to work with the resources that are available to you and learn how to write an effective essay. Here is a simple guide to help you get started.Document and study: Use your library or internet to obtain as much of the resources that you need. You need to have some good resources so that you will be able to find the documents or literature that you need. It is very important that you take the time to document everything that you read.The first thing that you need to do is to write a thesis statement. The thesis statement should contain all of the information that you need to provide in your essay. It should include the topic that you want to write about and any details that you want to include.Include information: This should include your research and your analysis. You need to do a lot of research to figure out what the best thing is for your essay. It will make y our job easier because you will be able to locate the literature that you need in a more organized manner.Put it all together: You will be amazed at how easy it is to put it all together. Once you know the topic and how you want to present your thoughts, it is very simple to put everything together. The last thing that you need to do is to get it right.Start with a good beginning: It is very important that you begin your essay in a good way. You will not get the desired result if you do not get the most important information out of the beginning. Make sure that you start your essay with your thesis statement.Get it finished: After youhave started writing the essay, you need to finish it. Once you get to the end, you will have a great final product.

The Benefits of the Holocaust for the Jews1 essays

The Benefits of the Holocaust for the Jews1 essays The Benefits of the Holocaust for the Jews The Holocaust and the murder of approximately 6 million Jews by the Nazi Germany during World War II was and is till now one of the few genocide attempts, which were precisely organized and planned for total annihilation of the Jews. Many other plans such as this one were attempted before, taking as an example by Alexander the Great, but first: the idea never occurred to Alexanders mind. Why? Because the technology of his time did not make such a thought conceivable (Cargas, 132). So, ethnic violence has not been uncommon in world history, but the Holocaust stands out as the only systematic effort by a modern government to destroy an entire people. Not only Jews were killed by the Nazis but also Slavs, Gypsies, Polish intelligentsia, resistance fighters from all the nations, German opponents of Nazism, homosexuals, Habitual criminals, and the anti-social such as beggars, vagrants, and hawkers. Every Jewish community in occupied Europe suffered losses during the Holocaust sole ly because of the fanatic Nazi belief that they were the carriers of a genetic inheritance that threatened German and Christian values. But how was Adolf Hitler able to convince the German population of his fanatic ideas, how did all this started, and who is responsible for the Holocaust? Hostility between Christians and Jews is ancient, but the anti-Semitic bias was [increasing] everywhere in Germany before and especially after the First World War(Cargas, 16). In the late 19th century many Germans came to see the Jew as the symbol of all they feared: the big city, international finance, secularism, big business, liberalism, and the erosion of traditional ways of life. German nationalism, which was conservative and ethnic, intensified the hostility toward Jews, who were not thought to be part of the German Volk. After World War I, when Germany faced po...

World Cup Host Countries

World Cup Host Countries Held every four years, the Fà ©dà ©ration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup is held in a different host country. The World Cup is the major international soccer (football) competition, consisting of the nationally recognized mens soccer team from each country. The World Cup has been held in a host country every four years since 1930, with the exception of 1942 and 1946 due to the Second World War. FIFAs executive committee selects the host country for each FIFA World Cup. The 2018 and 2022 World Cup host countries, Russia and Qatar respectively, were selected by the FIFA executive committee on December 2, 2010. On June 13, 2018, the 2026 host was selected through a new process, the open votes of all FIFA member countries. Note that the World Cup is held in even-numbered years that are the interval years of the Summer Olympic Games (although the World Cup now matches the four-year cycle of the Winter Olympic Games). Also, unlike the Olympic Games, the World Cup is hosted by a country and not a specific city, as is the Olympic Games. The following is a listing of the FIFA World Cup host countries from 1930 to 2026. World Cup Host Countries 1930 - Uruguay1934 - Italy1938 - France1942 - Canceled due to World War II1946 - Canceled due to World War II1950 - Brazil1954 - Switzerland1958 - Sweden1962 - Chile1966 - United Kingdom1970 - Mexico1974 - West Germany (now Germany)1978 - Argentina1982 - Spain1986 - Mexico1990 - Italy1994 - United States1998 - France2002 - South Korea and Japan2006 - Germany2010 - South Africa2014 - Brazil2018 - Russia2022 - Qatar2026 - North America (united bid by Canada, Mexico, and the United States)